Why Progressive Estimation Scale Is So Efficient For Teams

By Alex Yakyma.

In this article we will show that progressive estimation scale, like Fibonacci sequence often used by agile teams, is more efficient than linear scale and provides the team with more information about the size of backlog items. We will use pretty basic principles of Information Theory to arrive at our results. Also we will formulate a hypothesis about normalization of the estimation base. 

In Agile we quite often see the examples of “progressive” estimation scale when estimating the size of backlog items. Most often it would be Modified Fibonacci Sequence: 0, ½, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 20, 40, 100. Less common is the scale used by XP proponents: 0, 1, 2, 4, split (we will refer to this estimation scale as XP Scale further in the text). We call them progressive to reflect the fact that the values grow much faster than linearly. Also we often call these scales (not 100% accurately though in general case) exponential. In fact, XP scale is itself exponential and Fibonacci scale can be roughly approximated for the range of the values defined above with f(x) = 1.6x-1 as shown in the figure below:


Figure 1. Modified Fibonacci sequence approximated by exponential function for its range of values.

The point we are making here is that both scales can be with some level of accuracy called “exponential”.

Having said that, let’s ask ourselves a question of why are we using an exponential scale? As we well know, thousands of agile teams are applying these estimation scales very successfully. What makes exponential scale so useful? We used to answer this question by referring to the fact that the bigger the size of a backlog item (say, N story points) the harder it is to say the difference between N and N – 1. It is true. However the statement itself is not a fundamental axiom but is just a corollary of more generic principles, which we are going to consider.

Information Theory Perspective
Let’s formulate a question at a little different angle. Let’s assume that we know (very-very roughly) that backlog item U is no bigger than L units of size (can be story points or ideal man-days, doesn’t really matter at this point), but can be any value from 0 to L with equal chances. Let’s also assume that we have an estimation technique that allows us to estimate the size of U with absolute precision of P. Let’s look at how much information do we obtain about the size of U by applying our estimation technique.


Figure 2. Illustration of symbols: U is an arbitrary backlog item; L – maximum possible size of any backlog item from the backlog; P – absolute precision of estimation; the point on the horizontal axis linked to item U shows its size.

As we well know from the basics of Information Theory, information (also called mutual information of two experiments, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_information for more detail) enclosed in experiment A regarding experiment B can be expressed as follows:

I(A,B) = H(B) - HA(B)

Here H(B) is entropy (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory) for more detail), or in other words, the level of uncertainty of experiment B; HA(B) – is entropy of B after experiment A took place (also called conditional entropy). So now it is easy to interpret the amount of information enclosed in experiment A as the amount of uncertainty it reduces about experiment B.

Let’s now apply this formula to our case. We have our two “experiments”, one of them (B) consists in finding the absolutely accurate size of our backlog item U. The other one (A) consists in applying our estimation technique and thus reducing the uncertainty to certain extent (i.e. obtaining some information). Without going into mathematical depth we will just note that by applying Shannon’s formula (actually a definition of mutual information) we get:

I(A,B) = log(L/P)

where the logarithm base is not of extreme importance, can be any number (greater than 1) based on the simple feature of logarithms (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm#Change_of_base for instance), but typically they use 2 as the base for the logarithm which makes good sense from computational standpoint, as we eventually store all information in binary form.

This latter equation gives us very interesting result: the information that we are obtaining out of estimation grows much slower than the precision of estimation. More specifically, it grows as quickly as logarithm function. Now from the graph of logarithm function below we can see why “little estimation effort helps a lot and big estimation effort helps little”:


Figure 3. Logarithmic behavior of information about the size of an item as a result of estimation process. Horizontal axis represents relative precision (or more accurately, the value of L/P) and vertical axis represents information (in bits).

And finally using exponential (or close to exponential) estimation scale becomes totally logical – it adds valuable information faster. Indeed any function f(x) = alogbx grows faster than the logbx itself (here a and b are both greater than 1). In ideal case, which we certainly do not expect in practice, when a = b, this function simply becomes trivial linear function: f(x) = x. But since we are not trying to state that it is necessarily the case, we say “adds information faster” and avoid saying “adds information linearly”.

Normalization Hypothesis 
 Another interesting question is, given that most of the teams use Fibonacci sequence as their estimation scale, can they somehow ensure that their “corrected information curve” (i.e. the graph of a corresponding function:  f(x) = alogbx ) will grow fast enough to be more useful than the linear scale? Apparently it is safe to say about logarithmic behavior of the “information curve”, but practically finding its exact logarithmic base does not seem an easy task. We can hope though that teams are able to empirically find the right usage of the Fibonacci scale to be able to obtain information efficiently. So what is that “right usage”?..

For further simplicity (and as we shown before) we can use certain exponential function instead of Fibonacci sequence. Even if the base is fixed (say, f(x) = ax) our team can change the function itself by… yep, “re-scaling” the story points. Indeed, if at some point they go for a new “meaning” of a story point by saying that, for instance, now two old story points is one new story point, then our function f(x) turns into another function g(t) = f(2x), where t = 2x. Or conversely, x = 0.5t. If we substitute this expression for x in the formula above, we will get g(t) = bt, where b is square root of a. g(t) is again an exponential function but with different base. Figure below shows an example of how rescaling impacts the “estimation scale curve” if we take two new story points for every three old story points:


Figure 4. After re-scaling the estimation base by putting 2 “new” story points for 3 “old” story points the base of the exponential function (“the estimation function”) changes. Blue graph stands for old scale of estimation and red one stands for the new one.

This by the way means that:

Changing the estimation basis in Fibonacci sequence is quite a responsible thing, often underestimated. It may get the team closer or further from efficient estimation. There’s only one ideal base for estimation and it is important to get close to it. 

But now we can consider an interesting fact that many agile teams could confirm:

After some time agile teams often “normalize” (i.e. re-scale story points until they feel really comfortable with it) by arriving at approximately the same estimation base in Fibonacci scale – a team has typically 30 – 60 story points as their average velocity for a two-week sprint. 

This of course depends on the team size and would be smaller for the smaller teams and bigger for larger teams. But maybe this is just the way teams optimize their estimation basis over time to efficiently manage the potentially available information. Based on this we formulate our...

Normalization Hypothesis: Agile teams that normalize their estimation base over time, likely arrive at their optimal estimation capability (from the standpoint of information that they acquire about the backlog items they estimate). In other words, they empirically find such an exponential function that makes the “corrected information curve” close to linear. 

Although it looks like a bit of a journey to get to a better estimation base, we know we have simple stupid but reliable method to get started. By simply assigning 8 story points to each team member per sprint seams not a bad initial approximation. Indeed, considering the hypothesis above, it gives us N*8 varying from 32 to 64 story points when N (the size of the team) varies from 4 to 8. Learn more about this estimation base in (http://www.amazon.com/Agile-Software-Requirements-Enterprise-Development/dp/0321635841, Chapter 8, “Agile Estimating and Velocity”).

107 comments:

  1. The punchline here is that “[a] little estimation effort helps a lot and [a] big estimation effort helps little”. And that's very true, especially if we understand (as McConnell says) the point of estimation is not to predict the future but to understand if we are even in with a chance of managing our way to success.
    While I admire this semi-quantitative approach, there are some problems. This: “assume that we know […] that backlog item U is no bigger than L units of size […] but can be any value from 0 to L with equal chances” isa strange assumption. The classical PM literature observes that for a given task there is a time (or effort) less than which it cannot physically take, so the probability of an actual time (or effort) less than this minimum is zero. And, the most likely time (or effort) is to the right of that minimum, so the probability must increase to the right up to that modal value. And then the probability must decline to the right of that modal value up to some maximum amount (after which we would give up) and because there are more ways for a task to go wrong than to go right this maximum is far to the right. A suitably parameterised β distribution, or for quick and easy work an asymmetrical triangular distribution is used.
    Also, this: “assume that we have an estimation technique that allows us to estimate the size of U with absolute precision of P” seems highly optimistic. I'd expect that the precision (or is it really accuracy?) would vary directly with the absolute size of the thing being estimated, and also that the the precision would be asymmetrical, as we know that estimates tend to be optimistic, even when we take into account that they tend to be.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Thanks for sharing this post. I am sure you will also like this web-source.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Your images are broken on this post.

    ReplyDelete
  4. https://midnightpapers.com/

    ReplyDelete
  5. https://midnightpapers.com/

    ReplyDelete
  6. Cytotec adalah obat aborsi misoprostol yang di produksi oleh PFIZER (searle) yang di setujui US FDA. Cytotec Misoprostol digunakan untuk mengobati masalah yang berkaitan dengan NSAID (Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs) atau obat anti inflamasi non steroid (AINS). Selain itu, proses cytotec menyebabkan kontraksi otot rahim yang mengarah pada penggunaannya sebagai obat penggugur kandungan untuk menginduksi rahim.

    OBAT CYTOTEC | OBAT ABORSI | OBAT PENGGUGUR KANDUNGAN

    Cytotecmisoprostolpfizer.com Toko obat telat datang bulan jual cytotec misoprostol dan Anda akan menemukan solusi aman cara mengatasi terlambat bulan dengan obat telat bulan misoprostol cytotec.

    Seorang wanita hamil muda yang ingin menggugurkan kandungan harus tahu cara Obat Telat Bulan Cytotec Misoprostol mengatasi ibu hamil muda dan bagaimana dosis cytotec serta aturan pakai misoprostol dan cara menggugurkan kandungan dengan aman. Pelajari cara meminum Cytotec dengan aman untuk menginduksi rahim.

    Dengan membaca makalah / artikel cytotec ini Anda akan tahu informasi tentang obat cytotec, obat misoprostol cytotec, efek samping cytotec, dosis cytotec, cytotec tablet, harga cytotec misoprostol, di mana beli cytotec, aturan pakai cytotec, cara pemakaian cytotec

    ReplyDelete
  7. Cytotec adalah obat aborsi misoprostol yang di produksi oleh PFIZER (searle) yang di setujui US FDA. Cytotec Misoprostol digunakan untuk mengobati masalah yang berkaitan dengan NSAID (Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs) atau obat anti inflamasi non steroid (AINS). Selain itu, proses cytotec menyebabkan kontraksi otot rahim yang mengarah pada penggunaannya sebagai obat penggugur kandungan untuk menginduksi rahim.

    OBAT CYTOTEC | OBAT ABORSI | OBAT PENGGUGUR KANDUNGAN

    Cytotecmisoprostolpfizer.com Toko obat telat datang bulan jual cytotec misoprostol dan Anda akan menemukan solusi aman cara mengatasi terlambat bulan dengan obat telat bulan misoprostol cytotec.

    Seorang wanita hamil muda yang ingin menggugurkan kandungan harus tahu cara Obat Telat Bulan Cytotec Misoprostol mengatasi ibu hamil muda dan bagaimana dosis cytotec serta aturan pakai misoprostol dan cara menggugurkan kandungan dengan aman. Pelajari cara meminum Cytotec dengan aman untuk menginduksi rahim.

    Dengan membaca makalah / artikel cytotec ini Anda akan tahu informasi tentang obat cytotec, obat misoprostol cytotec, efek samping cytotec, dosis cytotec, cytotec tablet, harga cytotec misoprostol, di mana beli cytotec, aturan pakai cytotec, cara pemakaian cytotec

    ReplyDelete
  8. Bagi banyak wanita, mengakhiri kehamilan adalah keputusan yang sulit. Bila wanita tersebut tidak dapat mendiskusikan aborsi atau alternatif dengan penyedia layanan kesehatan, kami menyarankannya untuk membicarakannya dengan teman baik atau keluarga. Kami sangat menyarankan setiap gadis muda untuk berbicara dengan orang tuanya atau orang dewasa lainnya yang dia percayai tentang situasinya, keputusannya dan prosedur aborsi.

    obat penggugur kandungan di apotik

    ReplyDelete
  9. I simply wanted to write down a quick word to say thanks to you for those wonderful tips and hints you are showing on this site.approved auditors in dmcc

    ReplyDelete
  10. Hi, the post which you have provided is fantastic, I really enjoyed reading your post, and hope to read more. Thank you so much for sharing this post, I appreciate your work. For more details about audit firms in Dubai you can visit our website. we are one of the leading VAT agents in Dubai. Once again thanks for the superb post.

    ReplyDelete
  11. And indeed, I’m just always astounded concerning the remarkable things served by you. Some four facts on this page are undeniably the most effective I’ve had.
    Estimates

    ReplyDelete
  12. If you’re lucky enough to read this, be rest assured that your life is in for a major upgrade and turn around that will leave your peers, colleagues, and family members astounded and amazed by your incredible success story. Ladies and gents I present to you the genuine "ILLUMINATI," If you’re fed up with the current situation in your life and are prepared to take a major leap of faith with us I assure you that you will not be disappointed. Kindly inbox Agent Mr Abraham on whats-app mobile now +1 (520) 367-0578 or via email @ nationsilluminati4@gmail.com.. Everyone is highly welcome

    ReplyDelete
  13. I feel this is among the such a lot vital info for meCashflowbest

    ReplyDelete
  14. WELCOME TO THE GREAT BROTHERHOOD.

    You want to be a member of the Illuminati as a brotherhood that will make you rich and famous in the world and will have the power to control the people who are on top of the world. You are a businessman or woman, artist, politician, musician, student, you want to be rich, famous, powerful in life, join the Illuminati brotherhood cult today and get instant and rich sum of. $ 2 million in one week and a free home. anywhere you choose to live in this world and also receive $ 20,000,000 a month in salary% 2026

    BENEFITS GIVEN TO NEW MEMBERS JOINING ILUMINATI.

    1. A cash reward of $ 800,000 USD

    2. A new Elegant Dream CAR valued at $ 500,000 USD

    3. The house of your dreams bought in the country you choose

    4. One month of vacation (fully paid) to the tourist destination of your dreams.

    5. One year of golf partnership package

    Treatment 6.V.I.P at all airports in the world 7.A total change in lifestyle 8.Access to Bohemian Grove

    9. Monthly payment of US $ 99,000,000 to your bank account each month as a member

    10. A month marked a date with the 5 best world leaders and the 5 best celebrities in the world.

    If you are interested in joining us in the satanic hand symbol of the great brotherhood of the Illuminati, please contact us now via email collonburr3@gmail.com
    Via WhatsApp +2348107219280

    ReplyDelete
  15. Contact us and here you can get call girls service, sexy housewife escorts & female escort or college girls in charbagh Lucknow.

    escorts in lucknow or call girls in lucknow.

    ReplyDelete
  16. buy Blue vaders 220 mg mdma online
    Blue vaders 220 mg mdma mollymdma.org issued an ‘extreme high dose’ warning because this tablet contains more than 220mg of MDMA.
    buy Blue vaders 220 mg mdma online

    ReplyDelete
  17. Npower portal is the official application portal for Npower batch c applicants for 2021. Npower recruitment process is quite easy if you know what to do which is to login to the official portal and provide all the information needed.

    ReplyDelete
  18. gatlinburg hotels indoor pool, cheap hotels in gatlinburg tn with indoor pool, gatlinburg hotel with indoor pool,

    ReplyDelete
  19. Thanks for sharing. Looking best audit firms in Dubai?. AMCA auditing is one of the leading FTA approved auditing and accounting firm in Dubai.

    ReplyDelete
  20. If you want to enjoy your life, then you can meet Chandigarh escorts who will bring lots of happiness to your life. If you want to enjoy your life, then you can meet Chandigarh escorts who will bring lot of happiness to your life.

    Call Girls in Chandigarh
    Call Girls in Mohali
    Call Girls in Zirakpur
    Call Girls in Panchkula
    Call Girls in Amritsar
    Call Girls in Dehradun

    ReplyDelete
  21. Ensuring that you have had a great stay in this amazing place in India, we offer you dehradun escorts service to enhance the grade of your adventure. We are the ones who stand for authenticity and trust. dehradun service with the best beauties gives you an amazing experience of this city. Not only do we provide you with sensual service, but we also care about the clients who make their vacation mind-blowing.
    dehradun escort service
    haridwar escort service
    rishikesh escort service
    mussoorie escort service
    nainital escort service
    haldwani escort service
    ramnagar escort service
    rudrapur escort service

    ReplyDelete
  22. nice blog https://womenzhealthclinic.co.za/

    ReplyDelete
  23. excellent post, thanks for sharing.

    Checkout this easy infoblog

    ReplyDelete
  24. i realized i have been spending much time on this blog more than ever and am becoming more comfortable with it. this is really good article. keep up gruntz-strain thanks very much for this good article.

    ReplyDelete
  25. this content is so amazing. i cant just stop reading hydromorphone-8mg
    it because it makes me feel good

    ReplyDelete
  26. Indore Escort Service is Best Escort Service Indore. Top Most Call Girls are available in Indore Escort.

    ReplyDelete
  27. There area unit such an outsized range of alternatives for adult qualitative analysis partners in Udaipur Escort Service sawomen with original Photos. WHO meet varied men and provides their earnest tries to fulfil them. Autonomous Chittorgarh Call Girls area unit attractive additionally as entrancing additionally.

    ReplyDelete
  28. Before you go into investing on cryptocurrency, visit this website to know the legitimacy of the coin or token. Check cryptoandreviews if the coin or token is safe to invest.

    ReplyDelete
  29. Hello welcome to the Jaipur Escorts there is providing Call Girls for Escorts Services. If you want to call girls then visit this site. Thank you so much

    Jaipur Escorts
    Ajmer Escorts
    Jawahar Nagar Escorts
    Jodhpur Escorts
    Kota Escorts
    Udaipur Escorts

    ReplyDelete
  30. Pick Hyderabad escorts + Hotel Charges 2500 include + Contact/Whatsapp 4 Hyderabad escort service.

    ReplyDelete
  31. Thanks for sharing this blog here.it seems really very informative,just admiring your work and wondering how you manage this blog so well.
    drsamwomensclinic.co.za

    ReplyDelete
  32. This is actually kind of information lhave been trying to find.Thank you for writing this information.
    drsamwomensclinic.co.za

    ReplyDelete
  33. Great Post! Thanks for sharing such an informative blog Download all kinds of your Past Question and Answers here for Jamb, Waec, Neco, Post utme, Nursing Recruitment etc....

    ReplyDelete
  34. lts really amazing blog,thanks for posting great post and thanks for sharing keep up the nice work.
    drsamwomensclinic.co.za

    ReplyDelete
  35. Thank you I really appriciate your blog, I read your article carefully your content is very valuable to me.
    drsamwomensclinic.co.za

    ReplyDelete
  36. This is really amazing article. Thank you alot for sharing wonderful information.
    drsamwomensclinic.co.za

    ReplyDelete
  37. Our Services: Excise Tax Registration in Dubai Vat | Deregistration in Dubai | Vat voluntary Registration in Dubai | vat audit in UAE | vat compliance in Dubai | VAT Penalty Reconsideration in Dubai Accounting Outsourcing Services in Dubai. Website url Accounting Services in Dubai | https://petra-uae.com

    ReplyDelete
  38. https://arowanasale.com/product/buy-gold-head-arowana/
    https://arowanasale.com/product/chili-red-arowana/
    https://arowanasale.com/product/cross-back-arowana-for-sale/
    https://arowanasale.com/product/golden-arowana-fish/
    https://arowanasale.com/product/jardini-arowana-for-sale/
    https://arowanasale.com/product/malaysian-red-arowana-for-sale/
    https://arowanasale.com/product/platinum-arowana/
    https://arowanasale.com/product/red-arowana/
    https://arowanasale.com/product/silver-arowana-for-sale/

    ReplyDelete
  39. The International Automotive Task Force (IATF), proposed a technical standard, IATF 16949, particularly for the automotive sector quality management systems. Visit iatf 16949 UK

    ReplyDelete
  40. Youtube 4000 saat izlenme satın al ve para kazanma seçeneğini aktif etmeye bir adım daha yaklaş. Youtube beğeni satın al ve kanalını geliştir. Youtube dislike satın al ve rakiplerini geride bırak.

    ReplyDelete

  41. What a lovely weblog. Ill surely be back once more. Please preserve writing! dumps shop online

    ReplyDelete

  42. waow great content and direct to the point,will like to get more of this from you soon again ,it was really intresting and i will like to keep your rss for more updates and as well take the advantage to share some vital information regarding. bank statement and loans
    not forgetting the different steps use to.
    join the high class
    people aroud

    ReplyDelete
  43. I must testify that your article is out standing.most of the articles I come across these days do not really provide anything that attracts others as yours, but believe me the way you interact is literally awesome I do respect that so much. I will instantly get your rss and stay informed of any updates you make and as well take the advantage to share some vital information regarding the different steps which can be use to join the top class of people in the world. HOW TO JOIN and be in control of wealth and fame

    ReplyDelete
  44. That is why we ship all around the world with just a click of the order button. If you are buying these meds for someone else, we will save you the stress and ship to the person’s address discreetly and it will arrive within the lead time.

    ReplyDelete
  45. We have the most beautiful High Profile Girls lines up for you in UB City.
    https://asifaa.com
    Girls Service in UB City |

    ReplyDelete
  46. Gerçek bodrum bayan arkadaş ile görüşme gerçekleştirmek için Bodrum bayan arkadaş sayfasına giriş yapabilir, Bodrum bayan arkadaş ilaları inceleyebilirsin: bodrumbebekleri.com

    Bodrum bayan arkadaş ilanlarına göz gezdirmek için hemen bodrum bayan arkadaş sayfasına tıkla birbirinden gerçek bodrum bayan arkadaş profillerini görüntüle: bodrumbebekleri

    Bodrum bayan arkadaş sitesi olan Bodrumbebekleri ile sende hemen bir bodrum bayan arkadaş telefon numarasına ulaşabilirsin. Bodrum bayan arkadaş sayfasına giriş yapmak için tıkla: bodrum

    ReplyDelete
  47. Is dermal filler safe?
    Dermal fillers are considered to be safe but side effects can occur. A licensed healthcare professional should perform all dermal filler procedures using only FDA-approved fillers injected with a syringe. The most common problems include: skin rash, itching, or pimple-like eruptions.
    Botox derives from C. botulinum bacteria, which are present in many natural settings, including soil, lakes, forests, and the intestinal tracts of mammals and fish.
    Naturally occurring C. botulinum bacteria and spores are generally harmless. Problems only arise when the spores transform and the cell population increases. At a certain point, the bacteria begin producing Botulinum toxin, the deadly neurotoxin responsible for botulism.
    Botulinum toxin is extremely dangerous. Some scientists have estimated that 1 gramTrusted Source of a crystalline form of the toxin could kill 1 million people and that a couple of kilograms could kill every human on the planet.
    However, when Botox is appropriately used in a therapeutic context, it is safe and has few side effects, the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology report.
    Manufacturers make Botox injections with very small doses of Botulinum toxin. The drug can temporarily paralyze muscles, which can benefit people with various muscle or nerve disorders.
    Commercial preparations of Botulinum toxin include:
    • onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox)
    • abobotulinumtoxin A (Dysport)
    • incobotulinumtoxin A (Xeomin)
    • rimabotulinumtoxin B (Myobloc)
    • prabotulinumtoxin A (Jeuveau)
    People casually use the term “Botox” to describe all of these products, though Botox is a registered trademark that one company owns.
    How does it work?
    Botox is a neurotoxin. These substances target the nervous system, disrupting the nerve signaling processes that stimulate muscle contraction. This is how the drug causes temporary muscle paralysis.
    In order for any muscle to contract, the nerves release a chemical messenger called acetylcholine at the junction where nerve endings meet muscle cells. Acetylcholine attaches to receptors on the muscle cells and causes the cells to contract, or shorten.
    Botox injections prevent the release of acetylcholine, which stops the muscle cells from contracting. In this way, the toxin helps the muscles to become less stiff.



    ReplyDelete
  48. I want to tell the world the secret of wealth, you can become what you want to become in life, is just to do the right things and meet the right people who can help you to achieve your dreams in life, in any situation you are do not give up, because we are born to achieve our dreams in the earth, because we all will still leave the earth so we need to enjoy and be happy all time, i want you to know that the illuminati is to help you in any area you need help in life, joining the illuminati will bring you change of level in your life and good news, If you are poor or you have a family problems, or you want to be rich and famous in life you have to join the illuminati, so that you can be free in life and achieve all your dreams, joining the illuminati you will not share any human blood, because illuminati is an organization to help people how are in need of help, it is an organization that brings joy and happiness to once life, when you are totaly initiated to the illuminati you will be given instant cash of $2,000,000.00 to settle all your outstanding, you have to know that it is free to join the illuminati because the illuminati is to help not to take money from who need help, if you are interested to join the illuminati and become successful in life you have to contact the illuminati official email: initiationchurchofpower@gmail.com or call/text +16012273799 or WhatsApp +13019692020 on how to join the great illuminati, it is free to join the illuminati organization

    ReplyDelete
  49. Its always amazing when i come across websites like this.catalina-macaw-for-sale with a lot of useful information good work.blue-throated-macaw-for-sale

    ReplyDelete
  50. FuboTV facilitates the broadcasting of live TV over the internet without the requirement of cable TV. Watch your favorite shows, news, sports, and movies on more than 100 channels.FuboTV provides a streaming service of dozen of channels for a monthly fee without any contract. You just need to do FuboTV Sign up. fubo/connect

    ReplyDelete
  51. You can watch a week’s worth of content without paying a penny. you did manage to use one to access Fubo TV, free VPNs are usually a lot slower, so it wouldn’t be a good choice for binge-watching content. But even more importantly, free VPNs aren’t very secure. In fact, they usually track user data and sell it to third parties. fubotv activate code

    ReplyDelete
  52. Hi there!

    I had a very nice experience in your blog, actually I found this post explanatory and informative, keep sharing the best content

    regards

    Salvatore from Cataratas do Iguaçu em Foz do Iguaçu

    ReplyDelete
  53. What an excellent blog. Hello everyone, Unique Amber Products sells one-of-a-kind amber jewellery. Taaaf Boutique, the most elegant amber shop in my neighbourhood, was inspired by a passionate love for Polish amber and one-of-a-kind, hand-selected jewellery.
    Website : Unique Amber Products</a

    ReplyDelete
  54. Capital Plus Auditing of Accounts is providing premium tax and accounting services in Dubai. Our team has the knowledge & expertise to handle tax or accounting work at all levels. Our multi-disciplinary team of professionals is fully equipped with all the necessary expertise to help individuals, small & medium businesses, and entrepreneurs to solve all the financial & accounting issues . We’re here to help you save more on taxes, and spend less time and money on accounting, so you can focus on your business.

    ReplyDelete
  55. Capital Plus Auditing of Accounts is providing premium tax and accounting services in Dubai. Our team has the knowledge & expertise to handle tax or accounting work at all levels. Our multi-disciplinary team of professionals is fully equipped with all the necessary expertise to help individuals, small & medium businesses, and entrepreneurs to solve all the financial & accounting issues. We’re here to help you save more on taxes, and spend less time and money on accounting, so you can focus on your business.
    visit website

    ReplyDelete
  56. African Aphrodisiac
    Lineage:
    The origins of this unique mycelial cultivar can be traced back to the Eastern Coast of South Africa.
    Potency:
    African Aphrodisiac mushrooms are renowned for their potent and long-lasting effects.
    Effects:
    Deeply connective and profoundly shamanistic, this extraordinary strain is highly effective in expanding consciousness and opening the doors of perception.
    https://psychedelic-farm.com/product/african-aphrodisiac/

    ReplyDelete
  57. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  58. This is very professional blog we are providing Dune Buggy Tours Dubai and a A Unique Adventure Exploring Dubai’s Skyline

    ReplyDelete
  59. In fact it's one of the exceptional and informative stuff I have ever found. Keep spreading the knowledge regarding every topic including Golden Visa Dubai to assist people regarding required info.

    ReplyDelete
  60. James Cargo provides shipping and Livestock transport services to all over the UK and worldwide. Our pledge is that animals comes first.

    ReplyDelete
  61. HA Group provides Business Setup in Dubai for foreigners and locals. PRO Services assistance, Accounts Audit, Visa assistance services, Trademark Registration and Product Registration etc. Customers satisfaction is our top priority.

    ReplyDelete
  62. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete